Rabu, 08 Januari 2014
Selasa, 07 Januari 2014
Compositional Changes in Trypsin Inhibitors, Phytic Acid, Saponins and Isoflavones Related to Soybean Processing12
ROBERT L. ANDERSON AND WALTER J. WOLF
Biopolymer Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, PeorÃ-a,IL 61604
ABSTRACT
Soybeans are high in protein but also contain a number of minor constituents traditionally considered to be antinutritional factors. These include trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and ¡soflavones. These compounds are now thought to have beneficial biological effects in the diet, such as lowering blood cholesterol or preventing cancer. Soybean processing changes the content of these minor constituents in var
ious ways. This review discusses the changes in content of trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and ¡sofla vones as soybeans are processed into the conventional protein ingredients, flours, concentrates and isolates, as well as some of the traditional Oriental soybean foods. J. Nutr. 125: 581S-588S, 1995.
Proteins
The content and properties of oil and protein are the primary determinants of whole soybean value. Oil and protein are separated from each other early in most Western processing; in some traditional Oriental soy foods, oil and protein remain together whereas in oth ers they are separated. Soybean oil is not included in
this discussion.
Trypsin inhibitors
Although soybean protein products require heat processing to achieve maximum nutritional value, partly through trypsin inhibitor denaturation, trypsin inhibitors also display anticarcinogenic properties (Messina and Barnes 1991). The predominant trypsin inhibitors in soybeans and derived materials are pro teins and they are located, for the most part, with the main storage protein.
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ROBERT L. ANDERSON AND WALTER J. WOLF
Biopolymer Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, PeorÃ-a,IL 61604
ABSTRACT
Soybeans are high in protein but also contain a number of minor constituents traditionally considered to be antinutritional factors. These include trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and ¡soflavones. These compounds are now thought to have beneficial biological effects in the diet, such as lowering blood cholesterol or preventing cancer. Soybean processing changes the content of these minor constituents in var
ious ways. This review discusses the changes in content of trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and ¡sofla vones as soybeans are processed into the conventional protein ingredients, flours, concentrates and isolates, as well as some of the traditional Oriental soybean foods. J. Nutr. 125: 581S-588S, 1995.
Proteins
The content and properties of oil and protein are the primary determinants of whole soybean value. Oil and protein are separated from each other early in most Western processing; in some traditional Oriental soy foods, oil and protein remain together whereas in oth ers they are separated. Soybean oil is not included in
this discussion.
Trypsin inhibitors
Although soybean protein products require heat processing to achieve maximum nutritional value, partly through trypsin inhibitor denaturation, trypsin inhibitors also display anticarcinogenic properties (Messina and Barnes 1991). The predominant trypsin inhibitors in soybeans and derived materials are pro teins and they are located, for the most part, with the main storage protein.
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ABSTRACT
NITRIC OXIDE AND ALBUMIN IN KWASHIORKOR
Background: Pathogenesis of edema in kwashiorkor is still a controversy.
‘Classical’ theory affirms that deficient protein supply leads to low plasma albumin causing edema. The theory of stress oxidative stated that imbalance between free radicals and the available antioxidant capacity may play a significant role in pathophysiology of kwashiorkor. Nitric Oxide (NO) as a vasoactive and potentially toxic metabolite may contribute to the pathophysiology of kwashiorkor. Objective: to describe the level of nitric oxide, albumin dan degree of edema in kwashiorkor.
Method: Descriptive study in kwashiorkor children admitted in Dr. Soetomo Hospital.
Result: There were 14 kwashiorkor childr
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NITRIC OXIDE AND ALBUMIN IN KWASHIORKOR
Background: Pathogenesis of edema in kwashiorkor is still a controversy.
‘Classical’ theory affirms that deficient protein supply leads to low plasma albumin causing edema. The theory of stress oxidative stated that imbalance between free radicals and the available antioxidant capacity may play a significant role in pathophysiology of kwashiorkor. Nitric Oxide (NO) as a vasoactive and potentially toxic metabolite may contribute to the pathophysiology of kwashiorkor. Objective: to describe the level of nitric oxide, albumin dan degree of edema in kwashiorkor.
Method: Descriptive study in kwashiorkor children admitted in Dr. Soetomo Hospital.
Result: There were 14 kwashiorkor childr
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Analysis of plasma Zinc and copper concentration,
and perceived symptoms, in Individuals with Depression,
post Zinc and Anti-Oxidant Therapy
A.J. russo
health research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment center, 4575 Weaver Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA.
corresponding author email: ajrusso@hriptc.org
Abstract:
Aim: To assess plasma Zn and Cu levels in individuals with depression.
Subjects and methods: Plasma from 73 clinically depressed individuals, 38 individuals with anxiety and 16 controls were tested for
plasma Zn and Cu concentration using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
Results: Depressed individuals, with and without secondary anxiety, had decreased plasma Zn and elevated plasma Cu compared to
controls. Zn normalized (increased to the level of normal controls) but Cu increased in individuals with depression (with and without
secondary anxiety), after Zn therapy, whereas both plasma Zn increased and Cu levels decreased in anxiety, with and without secondary
depression, after Zn therapy. Individuals with depressio
Introduction
Clinical depression is a considerable public health problem.1 Approximately 32 to 35 million adults in
the United States have experienced depression at some point in their life, and approximately 13 million adults have experienced depression within the pastyear.2 It is also a considerable medical problem, as those with major depressive disorder (MDD) are at increased risk for serious medical illness, including cardiovascular disease,3–5 diabetes,6–8 cancer,9–11 and stroke.12Zn has a unique and extensive role in biological processes. Since the discovery of this element as an essential nutrient forliving organisms,13–15 many diverse biochemical roles for it have been identified. These include roles in enzyme function,16 nucleic acid metabolism,17,18 cell signaling19 and apoptosis.20 Zn is also essential for physiological processes including growth and development,21 lipid metabolisme.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
experimental and controls
Plasma from individuals with diagnosed clinical depression (n = 73; 36 male; mean age 38 years) and controls (n = 16; 7 male; mean age 42 years) was obtained from patients presenting consecutively at the Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment Center*, Warrenvi.
Results
Serum from 73 clinically depressed individuals, 38 individuals with anxiety and 16 neurotypical
controls were tested for serum Zn and Cu using inductively-coupled.
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and perceived symptoms, in Individuals with Depression,
post Zinc and Anti-Oxidant Therapy
A.J. russo
health research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment center, 4575 Weaver Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA.
corresponding author email: ajrusso@hriptc.org
Abstract:
Aim: To assess plasma Zn and Cu levels in individuals with depression.
Subjects and methods: Plasma from 73 clinically depressed individuals, 38 individuals with anxiety and 16 controls were tested for
plasma Zn and Cu concentration using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
Results: Depressed individuals, with and without secondary anxiety, had decreased plasma Zn and elevated plasma Cu compared to
controls. Zn normalized (increased to the level of normal controls) but Cu increased in individuals with depression (with and without
secondary anxiety), after Zn therapy, whereas both plasma Zn increased and Cu levels decreased in anxiety, with and without secondary
depression, after Zn therapy. Individuals with depressio
Introduction
Clinical depression is a considerable public health problem.1 Approximately 32 to 35 million adults in
the United States have experienced depression at some point in their life, and approximately 13 million adults have experienced depression within the pastyear.2 It is also a considerable medical problem, as those with major depressive disorder (MDD) are at increased risk for serious medical illness, including cardiovascular disease,3–5 diabetes,6–8 cancer,9–11 and stroke.12Zn has a unique and extensive role in biological processes. Since the discovery of this element as an essential nutrient forliving organisms,13–15 many diverse biochemical roles for it have been identified. These include roles in enzyme function,16 nucleic acid metabolism,17,18 cell signaling19 and apoptosis.20 Zn is also essential for physiological processes including growth and development,21 lipid metabolisme.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
experimental and controls
Plasma from individuals with diagnosed clinical depression (n = 73; 36 male; mean age 38 years) and controls (n = 16; 7 male; mean age 42 years) was obtained from patients presenting consecutively at the Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment Center*, Warrenvi.
Results
Serum from 73 clinically depressed individuals, 38 individuals with anxiety and 16 neurotypical
controls were tested for serum Zn and Cu using inductively-coupled.
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Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
Or I g INAL r eseA rch
effect of nutritional supplements on Immune Function
and Body Weight in Malnourished Adults
Lawrence J. cheskin1
, Joseph Margolick2
, scott Kahan1
, Andrea h. Mitola1
, Kavita h. Poddar1
, Tricia
Nilles2
, sanjivani Kolge1
, Frederick Menendez2
, Michelande ridoré1
, shing-Jung Wang3
, Jacob chou3
Or I g INAL r eseA rch
effect of nutritional supplements on Immune Function
and Body Weight in Malnourished Adults
Lawrence J. cheskin1
, Joseph Margolick2
, scott Kahan1
, Andrea h. Mitola1
, Kavita h. Poddar1
, Tricia
Nilles2
, sanjivani Kolge1
, Frederick Menendez2
, Michelande ridoré1
, shing-Jung Wang3
, Jacob chou3
and eve carlson1
1
Johns hopkins Bloomberg school of Public health, Department of health, Behavior and society, 2
Johns hopkins
Bloomberg school of Public health, Department of Molecular Medicine and Immunology, 3
standard Foods/Quaker Oats,
Taiwan. email: lcheskin@jhsph.eduract: In the United States, approximately 5% of the population is malnourished or has low body weight, which can adversely
affect immune function. Malnutrition is more prevalent in older adults and is often a result of energy imbalance from various causes.
Dietary supplementation to promote positive energy balance can reverse malnutrition, but has not been assessed for its effect on immune
parameters. This 8-week clinical feeding trial evaluated the effect of a commercially available, high-protein, high-energy formula on
body weight and immune parameters
Introduction
Malnutrition, often defined as a body mass index
(BMI) he Human Immunodeficiency Virus Wasting Syndrome,1 most often low body weight is the result of a simple imbalance between energy intake from food and ene.
Discussion and conclusions
We originally hypothesized that a supplement-enriched diet, in the form of the Quaker Complete Nutrition Foods, would result in improvements in body weight, BMI, and body composition
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