Analysis of plasma Zinc and copper concentration,
and perceived symptoms, in Individuals with Depression,
post Zinc and Anti-Oxidant Therapy
A.J. russo
health research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment center, 4575 Weaver Parkway, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA.
corresponding author email: ajrusso@hriptc.org
Abstract:
Aim: To assess plasma Zn and Cu levels in individuals with depression.
Subjects and methods: Plasma from 73 clinically depressed individuals, 38 individuals with anxiety and 16 controls were tested for
plasma Zn and Cu concentration using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
Results: Depressed individuals, with and without secondary anxiety, had decreased plasma Zn and elevated plasma Cu compared to
controls. Zn normalized (increased to the level of normal controls) but Cu increased in individuals with depression (with and without
secondary anxiety), after Zn therapy, whereas both plasma Zn increased and Cu levels decreased in anxiety, with and without secondary
depression, after Zn therapy. Individuals with depressio
Introduction
Clinical depression is a considerable public health  problem.1  Approximately 32 to 35 million adults in
the United States have experienced depression at some  point in their life, and approximately 13 million adults  have experienced depression within the pastyear.2 It is also a considerable medical problem, as those with  major depressive disorder (MDD) are at increased risk for serious medical illness, including cardiovascular disease,3–5 diabetes,6–8 cancer,9–11 and stroke.12Zn has a unique and extensive role in biological processes. Since the discovery of this element as an essential nutrient forliving organisms,13–15 many diverse biochemical roles for it have been identified. These include roles in enzyme function,16 nucleic acid metabolism,17,18 cell signaling19 and apoptosis.20 Zn is also essential for physiological processes including  growth and development,21 lipid metabolisme.

Materials and Methods
Subjects
experimental and controls
Plasma from individuals with diagnosed clinical  depression (n = 73; 36 male; mean age 38 years)  and controls (n = 16; 7 male; mean age 42 years)  was obtained from patients presenting consecutively  at the Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment  Center*, Warrenvi.

Results
Serum from 73 clinically depressed individuals,  38 individuals with anxiety and 16 neurotypical
 controls were tested for serum Zn and Cu using  inductively-coupled.

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